Tribune: Genus and Family: Concepts and Natural Groupings

A little over two hundred and fifty years ago Linnaeus (= Linne) began to maneuver his concepts of animal arrangement into Aristotle’s logic of classes. Twenty-three years elapsed between the publication of his first and tenth editions of Systema naturae. The tenth edition (1758) is the acknowledged starting point of zoological nomenclature. Often forgotten but highly significant is the fact that he spent those intervening twenty years orchestrating the then known animals into the world of philosophy

Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology

An exhaustive dictionary of over 13,000 terms relating to invertebrate zoology, including etymologies, word derivations and taxonomic classification. Entries cover parasitology, nematology, marine invertebrates, insects, and anatomy, biology, and reproductive processes for the following phyla: Acanthocephala Annelida Arthropoda Brachiopoda Bryozoa Chaetognatha Cnidaria Ctenophora Echinodermata Echiura Entoprocta Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Mesozoa Mollusca Nemata Nematomorpha Nemertea Onychophora Pentastoma Phoronida Placozoa Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Porifera Priapula Rotifera Sipuncula Tardigrada.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/1061/thumbnail.jp

A Statistical Approach to the Objective Differenciation of \u3ci\u3eHirschmanniella oryzae\u3c/i\u3e from \u3ci\u3eH. belli\u3c/i\u3e (Nemata : Pratylenchidae)

Alternate English title: A Statistical Approach to the Objective Differentiation of Hirschmanniella oryzae from H. belli (Nemata : Pratylenchidae) English language abstract: California populations attributed to Hirschmanniella belli were compared i) to paratypes of this species, ii) to topotypes of H. oryzae, and iii) to other populations of the same genus from other parts of the world. Comparisons were made using discriminant function analyses. Some small differences between California populations and paratypes of H. belli were attributed to artifacts caused by the long storage of these paratypes. Several characters were selected that were not affected by these artifacts, but were successful in differentiating a l1 California specimens (including paratypes of H. belli) from topotypes of H. oryzae. It was verified that a discriminant function analysis using these seven characters was able to separate other California specimens from Hirschmanniella specimens from other origins. The discriminant functions defined by this analysis can be used for practical identification of Hirschmanniella from California. The significance of these results for the taxonomic validity of H. belli is discussed. French language title: Une méthode statistique pour la différentiation objective de Hirschmanniella oryzae et de H. belli (Nemata : Pratylenchidae) French language abstract: Des populations californiennes attribuées à l’espèce Hirschmanniella belli ont étě comparées à : 1) des paratypes de cette même espèce; 2) des totopypes de H. oryzae; et 3) d’autres populations du même genre provenant d’autres régions du monde. Ces comparaisons ont étě faites à l’aide d’analyses discriminantes. De petites différences observées entre les populations californiennes et les paratypes de H. belli ont étě attribuées à des artefacts résultant du grand âge des paratypes. Sept caractères ont étě sélectionnés qui n’étaient pas soumis à l’action de ces artefacts mais qui réussissaient à différencier tous les spécimens californiens (y compris les paratypes de H. belli) des topotypes de H. oryzae. Il a étě vérifié qu’une analyse discriminante utilisant ces sept caractères était capable de séparer d’autres spécimens californiens de spécimens d\u27Hirschmanniella d’autres origines. Les fonctions discriminantes définies par cette analyse peuvent être employées pour l’identification pratique de Hirschmanniella californiens. La signification de ces résultats en ce qui concerne la validité de H. belli est discutée

\u3ci\u3eMeloidogyne californiensis\u3c/i\u3e n. sp. (Nemata: Meloidogyninae), Parasitic on Bulrush, \u3ci\u3eScirpus robustus\u3c/i\u3e Pursh

Meloidogyne californiensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from bulrush Scirpus robustus in California. LM and SEM studies revealed that this species differs from other known species in the genus Meloidogyne especially by the prominent posterior cuticular protuberances in the female, the distinct shape of the perineal pattern which is marked by one prominent stria in the perineum, indistinct lateral lines, many broken discontinuous striae on both sides of the arch, and the excretory pore being located posterior to stylet base. Second-stage juveniles 448-628 μm long, stylet length 11-13 μm, styler delicate, with small knobs sloping posteriorly, cephalic region with 2 or 3 annuli, and inflated rectum. Males vary greatly in size (712-1,952 μm), stylet length 18-28 μm (mean 22 μm), cephalic region slightly set off the body with two or three annuli, spear heavy with massive rounded knobs, lateral field marked by four areolated incisures as seen by SEM

The Morphometrics of \u3ci\u3eXiphinema americanum sensu lato\u3c/i\u3e in California

Ten populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato (S. l.)from California and two from the eastern United States were studied in a morphometric comparison. Morphometrics were generated by descriptive statistics and a stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) from nine California field populations, and voucher specimens from a previous California vector study (Hoy, Mircetich & Lownsbery, 1984); identifed as X. californicum. AIso included were greenhouse populations of X. americanum Cobb, 1913 sensu stricto (s. s.) from New York (N.Y.) and X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 from Pennsylvania (Pa). SDA canonical plots of individual specimens showed the X. rivesi population to be well separated from the other populations with no overlap All other groups overlapped to varying degrees. NY X. americanum s. s., Hoy’s X. californicum, and four field populations showed close alignment, and their high degree of similarity to the neotype and the populations in a redescription of X. anzericanum s. s. (Lamberti & Golden, 1984) show that X. americanum s. s. occurs in California. Two other California populations are judged through descriptive statistics and comparison with paratypes to match the description of X. californicum. SDA fails to separate them from X . anzericanum s. s. as it did X. rivesi and in fact these two populations frequently overlap the type species. These SDA data show that X. californicum is not separable from X. americanum s. s. and is therefore considered a junior synonym of X. anzericanum s. s. French title: Morphométrie de Xiphinema americanum sensu lato en Californie French abstract: Une étude de morphométrie comparative a porté sur douze populations de Xiphinema americanum sensu lato (S. l.), dix provenant de Californie et deux de l’est des USA. Les données morphométriques ont été recueillies à partir d’une procédure statistique descriptive et d’une analyse discriminante pas-à-pas (ADP) portant sur neuf populations naturelles de Californie et des spécimens tests provenant d’une étude précédente de vection (Hoy, Mircetich & Lownsbery, 1984), l’ensemble étant identifié comme X. californicum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979. Sont comprises également dans cetteé tude des populations maintenues en serre de X. americanum Cobb, 1913 sensu stricto (s. s.) provenant de New York (N.Y.) et de X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 provenant de Pennsylvanie (Pa). Les diagrammes canoniques issus de l’ADP relatifs aux données individuelles montrent que la population de X. rivesi est bien séparée des autres populations, aucun recouvrement n’apparaissant. Tous les autres groupes montrent des recouvrements d‘importance variable. X . americanum s. s. pop. NY, X . californicum pop. Hoy et quatre populations naturelles sont en alignement étroit; leur degré élevé de similarité avec le néotype et les populations utilisées dans la redescription de X. americanum s. s. (Lamberti & Golden, 1984) démontrent que X. americanum s. s. est présent en Californie. Deux autres populations provenant de californie correspondent, d’après l’étude des paratypes et les résultats de la statistique descriptive, à X. californicum. Toutefois, I’ADP est impuissanteà les séparerd e X. americanum, à l’inverse de ceq ui est observé avec X. rivesi; en réalité les données relatives à ces deux populations recouvrent fréquemment celles de l’espèce type. Les données provenant de l’ADP montrent que X. californicum ne peut être séparé de X. americanum s. s. et par conséquent la première espèce est considérée comme un synonyme mineur de la seconde

Comparative Morphology in Nemic Phylogeny

In 1945 Simpson wrote: Phylogeny cannot be observed. It is necessarily an inference from observations that bear on it, sometimes rather distantly, and that can usually be interpreted in more than one way. Certainly this applies to a study of nemic phylogeny where our reasoning is based upon degree of resemblance and subject to confusion by convergence and reversal. Many feel that, because fossil records are lacking, it is of little purpose to indulge in speculation on nemic phylogeny. Nemic taxonomy, however, requires such speculation when it is based upon comparative morphology. Our attempts in taxonomy are really an effort to express phylogenetic relationships. These relationships have developed through time and cannot be understood without extrapolation into the past. In presenting the modification proposed here, I have largely avoided use of zoöparasitic nemas for which a phylogeny was proposed by Dougherty in 1951. Although these are phylogenetically important, understanding the evolutionary sequence of the so-called free-living soil, freshwater, and marine nemas should be attempted first. Changes in the current concepts are necessary if the classification of the Nemata is to be consistent with the available knowledge of their comparative morphology. The modifications suggested in this paper are based upon studies of the cephalic sensory structures (setae, papillae, and amphids), esophagus (its nuclear arrangement, glands and valves), esophago-intestinal valve, excretory system, reproductive system, and total number of intestinal cells. Some use is also made of the stoma, somatic sensory structures, and cuticular specializations

System Analysis and Nematode Phylogeny

The purpose here is to suggest a method which will permit understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of contemporary representatives of the phylum Nematoda without fossils. It is not my intent to again offer a phylogeny for the Nematoda. To say that no real benefit or knowledge of phylogeny or evolution is possible without fossils is succumbing to apathy. One cannot deny or ignore that all systems, morphological, biological and chemical manifested in modern forms developed by evolutionary sequence. It is true that with a complete fossil record the rates of evolution and developmental pressures could be accurately evaluated. However, in the absence of a fossil record evolutionary relations and developmental tendencies can be assessed by the use of direct or corollary system analysis. Taxonomists must not overlook systems and their analysis

Automatic Solvent Exchanger

A solvent delivery and removal system has been designed and developed such that solvent exchange in biological specimens and tissues can be effected automatically at ambient or above ambient temperatures. The operation may be programmed so that any series of solvents mutually soluble in sequence may be exchanged. For convenience in calibration and flexibility the system may be operated manually

Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology

An exhaustive dictionary of over 13,000 terms relating to invertebrate zoology, including etymologies, word derivations and taxonomic classification. Entries cover parasitology, nematology, marine invertebrates, insects, and anatomy, biology, and reproductive processes for the following phyla: Acanthocephala Annelida Arthropoda Brachiopoda Bryozoa Chaetognatha Cnidaria Ctenophora Echinodermata Echiura Entoprocta Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Mesozoa Mollusca Nemata Nematomorpha Nemertea Onychophora Pentastoma Phoronida Placozoa Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Porifera Priapula Rotifera Sipuncula Tardigrada.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/1061/thumbnail.jp

Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: T

tabula tabular tachyauxesis tachyblastic tachygen tachygenesis tachytelic tactic tactile tactoreceptors taenia taeniate taenidium taenioglossate tagma tagmata tagmosis tail tailfan Takakura\u27s talon talus tandem tangent tangoreceptor tanylobous tapetal tapetum tapinoma-odor Tardigrada tardigrades tarsal tarsation tarsite tarsomere tarsungulus tarsus taste tautonomy tautonym taxa taxes taxis taxis taxodont taxometrics taxon taxonomic taxonomist taxonomy tectiform tectostracum tectum teeth teges tegillum tegmen tegmentum tegula tegular tegulum tegumen tegument tegumentary tela telaform telamon telegonic teleiochrysalis telenchium teleoconch teleodont teleology teleotrocha telepod telescope telescopic teletrophic telioderma teliophan telmophage telocentric telodendria telofemur telogonic telolecithal telomitic telophase telophragma telopod telopodite telorhabdions telosonic telostome telosynapsis telosyndesis telotarsus telotaxis telotroch telson template temporal tenacipeds tenaculum tenent teneral tensor tentacle tentacular tentaculocyst tentaculozooid tentilla tentorial tentorium tenuous teratocyte teratogen teratogenesis teratogyne teratology terebella terebra terebrant terebrate teres terete terga tergal tergite tergolateral tergopleural tergopore tergum tergum termen terminal terminalia termitarium termitophile terranes terrestrial terricolous territory tertiary tertibrach tertibrachial tessellate test testaceology testaceous test-cross testes testis testisac testudinate tetanus tetany tetractinal tetractine tetrad tetradelphic tetramerous tetramorphic tetraploid tetrapod tetrapterous tetrasomic tetrathyridial tetrathyridium tetraxon tetraxonid thalassophilous thallus thamnophilous thanatocoenosis thanatosis theca thecae thecal thecate thelycum thelygenesis thelygenous thelyotokous thelyotoky theory thermocline thermophile thermophobe thermoreceptor thermotaxis thickness thigmotactic thigmotaxis thigmotropism third-form thoraces thoracic thoracomere thoracopod(ite) thorax thoraxes thread thylacium thylacogen thyridial thyridium thyroid thysanuriform tibia tibial tibiotarsal tibiotarsus Tiedemann\u27s tiled timbal tinctorial tine tissue tissue titilla titillae titillator tocopherol tocospermal tocospermia tocostome tokostome tomentose tomentum Tomosvary tone tonic tonofibrillae tonus topochemical topogamodeme topomorph topomorphic toponym topotype tori torma tormogen tornote tornus torose torpid torqueate torsion tortuose torulose torus totipotent totomount toxa toxicognath toxicology toxin toxinosis toxoglossate toxoid trabecula trabeculate trabeculated trachea tracheae tracheal tracheate tracheoblast tracheolar tracheoles trachychromatic tract Tragardh\u27s tragus transad transcoxa transcurrent transect transection transformation transient transitional translocation translucent transmission transposed transscutal transstadial transtilla transverse trapeziform trapezium trapezoid trema tremata Trematoda trenchant trepan triact triactinal triad triaene triage triangle triangular triangulate triaulic triaxial triaxon tribe tribocytic trichite trichobothrium trichobranchia trichobranchiate trichocerous trichodes trichodeum trichodragmata trichogen trichoid trichomes trichophore trichopore trichosors trichostichal trichotomous trichroism tricolumella tricomes tricostate tricrepid tricuspid tricuspidate tridactyl trident tridentate trifid trifurcate triglycerides trignathan trigonal trigoneutism trilabiate trilateral trilobate trilocular trimorphic trimorphism Trinominal triordinal tripartite tripectinate triplet triploblastic triploid triquetral triquetrous triradiate triradiates tritocerebral tritocerebrum tritocerebrum tritonymph tritosternum triturate triungulin triungulinid trivial trivium trivoltine trixenic troch trochal trochalopodous trochantellus trochanter trochanteral trochantin trochi trochiform trochlea trocholophous trochophore trochosphere trochus troglobiont troglodytic troglophile trogloxene tropeic trophal trophallactic trophallaxis trophamnion trophi trophic trophidium trophobiont trophobiont trophobiosis trophobiotic trophocytes trophodisc trophogeny trophoporic trophorhinium trophosome trophotaxis trophothylax trophozooid trophus tropis tropism tropotaxis trumpet truncate truncation trunk trypsin tryptic tryptophan tryptophane T-tubule tube tube-feet tubercle tubercula tuberculate tuberculose tuberiferous tubicolous tubifacient tubule tubulus tubus tuft Tullgren tumefaction tumescence tumid tumulus tunic tunica tunicary tunicate turbinate turgid turreted turriculate tychoparthenogenesis tylasters tylenchoid tyli tyloid tyloides tylosis tylostyle tylote tylus tymbal tympanal tympanal tympanic tympanum Tyndall type typhlosole typologist typolysis typostasi